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Akshastha Nayak ¹, K. Vijaya Kumar ², S. Karthick Babu

Affiliations
1 Department of Physiotherapy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, IN
2 Department of Physiotherapy, Kasturba Medical College, Centre of Basic Sciences, Bejai, Mangalore 575004, IN

Abstract

Back Ground

Trunk performance is important for functional outcome and also an predicator for activities of daily living after stroke. Swiss ball training is superior to ground based exercise in their ability to recruit trunk muscles by increasing their demand and trunk balance on healthy individuals and athletes. However retrievable literature evidences for Swiss ball training on trunk performance is not available in stroke population.

Objective

To evaluate trunk performance on Swiss ball training after stroke.

Design

An assessor blinded,quasi-experimental study design.

Setting

Physiotherapy Department of Kasturba Medical College and hospital,Mangalore,Manipal University.

Participants

Twelve subjects having first ever unilateral stroke who can able to sit on a stable surface independently for one minute were recruited.

Intervention

In addition to conventional physiotherapy all the study subjects received 10 hours of individual and supervised trunk exercises on Swiss ball ;45 minutes with adequate rest periods 10-15 minutes, 6 times a week, for 3 weeks.

Outcome Measurement

Trunk performance was evaluated by Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) by Verheyden.

Results

Post intervention the study group has shown a improvement in TIS score. A significant improvement was seen in dynamic balance and coordination subscales and also in total score (p value <0.05) of TIS.

Conclusion

Training on Swiss ball improve trunk performance after stroke.

Keywords

Stroke, Trunk Performance, Trunk Control, Swiss Ball

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K. Vijaya Kumar ¹, J. Ratnakar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Post-Graduate ColIege of Science, Osmania University, Saifabad, Hyderabad - 500 004, IN

Abstract

The gabbro plutons of Boggulakonda, Settupalle, Purimetia, Pasupugallu and Chimakurti in the Prakasam alkaline province (PAP) in Andhra Pradesh occur in a narrow zone (east of the Cuddapah basin) within the Precambrian amphibolites and granitic gneisses. The plutons are emplaced into preheated country rocks as either crystal mushes and multiple intrusive pulses or convective stirring. The chief rock types of the plutons are gabbro, norite, anorthosite, troctolite and rare pyroxenite.

The gabbros are of high-alumina olivine tholeiitic type, excepting those in Pasupugallu pIuton which are of alkali olivine basaltic type. In general, all the gabbros are derived by shallow melting within the mantle. The liquidus olivine temperatures (T° _Iiq) of gabbros (excepting a few cumulate rocks) range from 1102° to 1412° C. The Boggulakonda, Purimetla and Pasupugallu gabbros are formed by fractionation of olivine and plagioclase. The Settupalle gabbros represent melts which are derived by a process of "continuous me1ting"(?). The Chimakurti gabbros are derived by "adiabatic melting" in a rising diapir. All the plutons have experienced olivine fractionation prior to their emplacement and differentiated under PCO₂/PH₂O conditions.

Keywords

Gabbros, Igneous Petrology, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh.

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J. Ratnakar ¹, K. Vijaya Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Post-Graduate College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500004, IN

Abstract

A quartz-bearing syenite (QS) dyke cuts across the nepheline syenite (NS) in the Elchuru alkaline complex. The QS is leucocratic, medium grained and hypidiomorphic in texture. It is composed of K-feldspar, albite, amphibole, biotite and quartz. The QS has higher amounts of SiO₂ Al₂O₃ and Na₂O and, lower CaO and K₂O than the average quartz syenite. The QS is metaluminous and oversaturated-in character. It has higher concentrations of Ga, Zr, Hf, Ta, V, Cr and U and, lower Ba, Rb, Sr, Y, Nb, Zn, Pb, Sc, Co, Ni and Th than fhe NS . The QS exhibits LREE-emiched and HREE-depleted pattern with a conspicuous negative Eu anomaly. The normalised incompatible trace element abundance pattern of the QS shows spikes for Ba, Ta and Y. A petrochemical comparison of the QS and NS suggests that they are derived from a feldspathic residual liquid by liquid immiscibility under variable P_H2O and P_CO2 conditions. This process mimics "branching differentiation" mechanism.

Keywords

Syenites, Petrogenesis, Andhra Pradesh.

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J. Ratnakar ¹, D. V. Rama Krishna ¹, K. Vijaya Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Geology Post-Graduate College of Science Osmania University, Saifabad, Hyderabad - 500 004, IN

Abstract

The lamprophyre (sannite) of Kellampalle (KL) occurs as a plug in tholeiitic gabbro. The KL has phenocrystic amphibole and biotite ± clinopyroxene and, groundmass amphibole, biotite and orthoclase perthite, with accessory apatite and opaques. The major, trace and rare earth element geochemistry of the KL suggests that it does not represent a directly crystallized product of a primary magma. The data suggests that a primary magma, as produced by low degrees of partial melting of metasomatised mantle; underwent olivine fractionation (prior to the emplacement) and subsequently differentiated into the cpx-bearing and cpx-free lamprophyre plug.

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K. Vijaya Kumar ¹, C. Leelanandam ²

Affiliations
1 School of Earth Sciences, SRTM University, Nanded - 431 606, IN
2 House No. 12-13-205/1, Street No. 2, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500 017, IN

Abstract

The Proterozoic Eastern Ghats Belt (EGB) along the east coast of India exposes deep segments of the continental crust, and is considered as a deeply eroded remnant of the present-day Himalayan-type setting. The EGB registers crustal growth of the Indian plate on its eastern side. Precambrian sutures in this poly-metamorphosed and multiply-deformed belt are recognized by the presence of ophiolites (containing unequivocal sheeted dykes and plagiogranite), shear zones, ultrahigh-T metamorphism, massif-type anorthosites and more significantly, by the presence of deformed alkaline rocks and carbonatites (DARCs). The southern segment of the EGB, around Kondapalli (Andhra Pradesh), records the entire gamut of processes from Palaeoproterozoic rifting to Grenvillian/Pan-African collision. The first convergence event that operated between 2 and 1.6 Ga is yet to be identified in other parts of the EGB. The mafic and felsic granulites of Kondapalli exhibit trace element characteristics typical of subduction-related magmatic arcs and the Kondapalli Layered Complex (KLC) is construed as an arc-ischolar_main complex in the deeply eroded Eastern Ghats orogen.

We postulate that the evolution of the EGB involved two distinct episodes of convergence, both being initiated by the onset of continental rifting. In our favoured model, the first rifting event at ~ 2.0 Ga along the eastern margin of the Indian plate, initiated the formation of an Atlantic-type continental margin, which was later converted into an Andeantype continental margin by convergent plate motion at ~1.85 Ga. Final culmination by continent-continent collision was possibly completed by 1.55 Ga. The second episode of rifting between 1.5-1.35 Ga, along the eastern margin of the thickened arc crust, facilitated the emplacement of alkaline rocks and carbonatites (ARCs). The exact timing of the Mesoproterozoic basin inversion and conversion of ARCs into DARCs - either during Grenvillian or Pan-African orogeny - remains elusive.

Keywords

Rifting, Collision, Suture, Arc Magmatism, ARCs-DARCs, Eastern Ghats Belt, India.

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K. Vijaya Kumar ¹, J. Ratnakar ²

Affiliations
1 School of Earth Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded - 431 606, IN
2 Department of Geology, Postgraduate College of Science, Osmania University, Saifabad, Hyderabad - 500 004, IN

Abstract

The Ravipadu gabbro pluton (RGP) is one of the basic intrusives occurring within the deep Precambrian crust composed of amphibolites and granulites in the Prakasam igneous province juxtaposed against the Eastern Ghats mobile belt and Cuddapah basin. The pluton is a post-kinematic lopolith emplaced either permissively into the preheated country rocks as crystal mushes or emplaced by convective stirring. The intrusion has induced very high temperature thermal metamorphism of the pelites occurring on the fringes of the pluton. Dolerite and basaltic dykes traverse the RGP.

The RGP is composed chiefly of olivine gabbro, olivine norite, troctolite and anorthosite in the decreasing order of areal extent. Sporadically developed layering is recorded in olivine norites, which may represent quiescent zones of magma chamber. The rocks exhibit cumulate, poikilitic and sub-ophitic textures. Olivine, plagioclase, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene are the essential minerals crystallised in that order, and their variable proportions and combinations have produced the observed lithology. Sub-solidus diffusion along olivine-plagioclase and Fe-Ti oxide-plagioclase interfaces has produced spectacular coronas.

The composition of olivine ranges from Fo_56.70 to Fo_67.09 and lower Fo content is attributed to derivation of parental liquids from a more Fe-rich source than the normal mantle. The composition of plagioclase varies from An_55.31 to An_75.48 Orthopyroxene is bronzite showing restricted variation from En_68.82 Fs_29.37 to En_71.66 Fs_27.19. Wollastonite component is low and erratic in orthopyroxenes. Clinopyroxene is Al-rich titanaugite and its end-member composition varies from En_41.95 Wo_44.45 Fs_15.23 to En_47.05 Wo_38.91 Fs_11.03. llmenite composition ranges from Il_87.83 to II_89.09 with very little haematite component. The ilmenites represent re-equilibrated compositions.

The Ravipadu gabbroic rocks are primarily hypersthene and olivine normative; they do not contain quartz or nepheline in the norm. Textures, mineral assemblages, and mineral- and whole-rock chemistry indicate that the Ravipadu gabbros could be formed by crystal-liquid fractionation of subalkaline tholeiitic magma under reducing (anhydrous) conditions. The tholeiitic nature is also re-affirmed by Fe-enrichment as the parental magma evolved. The chondrite normalized REE patterns show enriched LREE, convex downward MREE and almost flat HREE trends with positive Eu anomalies for all the rocks.

Petrographic features and geochemical traits accord cumulate status to the rocks and they do not represent melt compositions. Parental melt REE concentrations are calculated by utilising exploratory geochemical inversion techniques. The calculated parental liquids display enriched LREE and flat HREE trends. The variation in the concentrations of REE calculated from different cumulate rocks represents progressive evolution of a parental magma by fractional crystallization. Petrogenetic modelling suggests that the parental liquids are derived by 5 to 10% melting of an LREE enriched komatiite/tholeiite source in the deep crust. This source could be an underplated Late Archaean crust and this deep crustal melting might have been induced by the heat released from a mantle plume.

Keywords

Petrology, Geochemistry, Petrogenesis, Magma underplating, Gabbros, Ravipadu, Andhra Pradesh.

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K. Vijaya Kumar ¹, K. Rathna ¹, C. Leelanandam ²

Affiliations
1 School of Earth Sciences, SRTM University, Nanded 431 606, IN
2 House No. 12-13-205/1, Street No. 2, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 017, IN

Abstract

Understanding the origin and growth of continental crust is a fundamental problem in geological sciences. Two distinct ways in which the continental crust grows include horizontal (subduction) and vertical (plume/extension) accretions. As the mantle reservoirs in these two tectonic settings are generated and/or modified by contrasting processes, the erupted melts offer clues on the nature of these divergent mantle sources. Trace element geochemistry is a robust tool to quantitatively model the mantle sources, melting mechanisms and relative roles of mantle and crust in the petrogenesis of magmatic rocks, which ultimately lead us to unravel the origin of continental crust.

The present study portrays growth of the continental crust in the Proterozoic Eastern Ghats Belt, SE India. Mafic magmas within the Palaeoproterozoic Kondapalli-Kandra region illustrate subductionrelated island arc basalt-type geochemical signatures whereas alkali basaltic magmas in the Mesoproterozoic Prakasam continental rift-zone display ocean island basalt-type characteristics. Calculated mantle sources for subduction-zone and rift-related magmas display distinctly different geochemical traits. Mesoproterozoic gabbroic magmas in the Prakasam rift-zone exhibit geochemical signatures akin to the subduction-related mafic melts. This dichotomy of continental crust produced by intra-plate processes exhibiting plate-margin signatures advocates that we possibly have overestimated the proportion of continental crust generated above subduction zones.

Keywords

Continental-Rift, Eastern Ghats Belt, Geochemistry, Mafic Magmas, Mantle Sources, Subduction Zone.

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C. Leelanandam ¹, K. Vijaya Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Eartli Sciences, Swanni Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded - 431 606, IN

Abstract

Tiie Kondapalli Layered Complex (KLC) is a minor mafic-ultramafic intrusion occurring in the charnockitic region of the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB). it consists dominantly of gabbroic and anorthositic rocks, with subordinate ultramafic rocks (orthopyroxenite, websterite, cliriopyroxenite, harzburgite and dunite), which are associated with chromitite. The components of the KLC are grouped into two series: (1) Chromitite-Ultramafic Rock Series (CURS), and (2) Gabbro-Anorthosite Layered Series (GALS); some mafic gabbros belong to CURS. A profound petrological and geochemical hiatus exists between the primitive CURS and evolved GALS, which constitute a regressive intrusive sequence, it is shown that the REE abundances and chondrite-normalized patterns of 27 rocks from the KLC are controlled by the dominant cumulus minerals and variable amounts of trapped melt. The cumulate anorthositic and gabbroic rocks of the GALS are classified into those showing (1) positive Eu anomaly (An I and Gb I), (2) no Eu anomaly (An II and Gb II), and (3) negative Eu anomaly (Gb III). The whole-rock REE compositions possibly record the evolution of the "associated" liquids. Calculated associated liquid compositions, when viewed in conjunction with the available mineralogical, petrological and geochemical data of CURS and GALS, strongly suggest a two-magma genesis for the Kondapalli Layered Complex.

Keywords

Rare Earth Elements, Cumulates, Associated Liquids, Petrogenesis, Kondapalli Layered Complex, Andhra Pradesh.

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K. Rathna ¹, K. Vijaya Kumar ¹, J. Ratnakar ²

Affiliations
1 School of Earth Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded - 431 606, IN
2 Department of Geology, Postgraduate College of Science, Osmania University, Saifabad, Hyderabad - 500 004, IN

Abstract

The doleritic and basaltic dykes of Ravipadu in the Prakasain Province traverse and extend beyond the gabbro pluton. The dolerites exhibit ophitic - subophitic, intergranular and equigranular textures. The basaltic dykes include lamprophyres (camptonites) and porphyritic basaltic dykes which display porphyritic/glomeroporphyritic and panidiomorphic textures. The chief rock forming minerals in these dykes are olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase with subordinate orthopyroxene, amphibole and biotite. The accessory minerals include opaques and green spinel.

The dolerites and basaltic dykes show contrasting major dement compositions, especially with respect to alkalies and alkali/silica ratios, normative mineralogy and rare earth element concentrations and patterns. The dolerites, which contain modal and normative hypersthene, are tholeiitic and show iron enrichment as the differentiation proceeds. They show LREE enriched and HREE depleted patterns with positive Eu anomalies. Basaltic dykes in which modal and normative hypersthene is conspicuously absent are calc-alkaline to alkaline and are LREE enriched without any perceptible Eu anomalies.

Petrogenetic modelIing suggests that the dolerites are probably replenished liquids which are geochemically similar to the parental magmas of the host gabbros, whereas the basaltic dykes are genetically unrelated to the dolerite dykes and to the host gabbros. The basaltic dykes are believed to have formed from the melts of an LREE enriched mantle and are emplaced in a rift setting, during an extensional regime.

Keywords

Igneous Petrology, Geochemistry, Dolerites, Basaltic Dykes, Lamprophyres, Prakasam Province, Andhra Pradesh.

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K. Vijaya kumar ¹, K. Somasundaram ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Karpagam University, Coimbatore - 641021, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering and IT, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Paiyanoor, Chennai - 603104, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Objective: The various features of mobile adhoc networks (MANET’s) are open medium, dynamic topology and absence of centralized monitoring point which introduces various security challenges. One among the security attacks are defined as the black hole attack in this article. Methods: In this paper we introduce a protocol for detecting and avoiding the black hole attacks in MANET’s by an efficient Crypto-key based Black Hole Detection and Avoidance Protocol (CBHDAP). Findings: The suggested protocol generates a group key using Diffie-Hellman (DH) based key agreement black hole detection algorithm then the generated key is forwarded to the authenticated group members. The validation of the nodes in the route from the source to the destination is done before initiating the transmission. The black hole attacks are avoided during transmission by considering the parameters such as time taken for Route Reply (RREP), hop count, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) are used. To validate the performance of the proposed approach, it is compared with the existing protocols for the metrics such as detection probability, throughput, end-to-end delay, etc. Improvements: The validation results prove that the CBHDAP provides optimal results for all the metrics like detection probability, throughput, E2E delay etc when compared with the algorithms existed.

Keywords

CBHDAP, Blackhole Attack, Diffie-Hellman Algorithm, MANET’s, Security Attacks.

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W. Sherly Beena ¹, K. Vijaya Kumar ¹, M. Shakeera Banu ², A. Vijaya Anand ³, P. Sampath Kumar ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Biochemistry, M.I.E.T. Arts and Science College, Tiruchirappalli–620 007, Tamilnadu, IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Sree Narayana Guru College, Coimbatore–641 105, Tamilnadu, IN
3 Department of Biochemistry, M.I.E.T. Arts and Science College, Tiruchirappalli–620 020, Tamilnadu, IN
4 Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, SASTRA University, Kumbakonam-612 001, Tamilnadu, IN

Abstract

Psidium guajava Linn. (Guava) family Myrtaceae is an important food crop plant used traditionally for medicinal purposes around the world. The pharmacological actions and the medicinal uses have demonstrated the ability of this plant to exhibit antioxidant, hepatoprotection, anti-allergy, antimicrobial, antigenotoxic, antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, antispasmodic, cardioactive, anticough, antidiabetic, antiinflamatory and antinociceptive activities, supporting its traditional uses. The important active constituents are essential oils, flavonoids, carotenoids, polyphenolic compounds, pentacyclic triterpenoids, esters, and aldehydes etc. This review explains the evidence-based information regarding the antioxidative activity of Psidium guajava.

Keywords

Psidium guajava, Antioxidant, Free Radicals.

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